Abstract
Because light traveling freely in space does not produce a gravitational field, the conversion of mass to light in stars and by other astrophysical processes (perhaps including the conversion of “dark matter”) will reduce the total gravitational energy of the Cosmos – absent the creation of new matter. Hence the observed accelerated expansion of the Cosmos is the normal and expected consequence of known astrophysical processes.
Light traveling freely in space does not produce a gravitational field – contrary to most “establishment” thinking. Because the “Interval” of light = zero, light has no specific location in spacetime, and hence cannot provide a definite center for such a field. Since an uncentered gravitational field violates energy (and symmetry) conservation (including the “Equivalence Principle”), light moving freely in vacuum cannot and does not produce a gravitational field. This result is important for theories attempting to unify gravity with the other forces.
The “Interval” of light = zero. This is Einstein’s most important formulation of light’s “non-local” symmetric energy state. The “Interval” is a quantity of spacetime, a measure of 4-dimensional distance, invariant for all observers, regardless of their relative motion, including accelerated motion. The function of the Interval is to protect causality in Einstein’s relativity theories. Light has no Interval because light has no x (length) or t (time) dimensions. Having no Interval, light’s position in 4-dimensional spacetime cannot be specified. Having no distance or time parameters, and yet having intrinsic motion, light has, in effect, forever to go nowhere – within its own reference frame (spacetime). From this results the notion of light’s “infinite” velocity and the symmetric distribution of light’s energy throughout spacetime – everywhere, simultaneously.
Light is non-local, atemporal, and acausal. Light has no associated gravitational field because it has no “Interval” and hence no “location”. Being non-local, light cannot provide a center for a gravitational field, and an uncentered gravitational field constitutes a violation of energy conservation (because it would produce “net” energy, a net motion and acceleration in spacetime of the gravitational source). Consequently, freely moving light cannot and does not produce a gravitational field. Light’s “zero Interval” is precisely the symmetry condition necessary to prevent the formation of an explicit time dimension and its associated gravitational field. “Velocity c” could hardly function as the entropic, metric, and symmetry gauge of spacetime if light itself were plagued by a metric-warping “location” charge and gravitational field (which moreover would have to vary with the energy content of individual photons). Light has no time dimension nor the gravitational field which could produce one. (See: “A Description of Gravitation“.)
This is the basic conservation reason why the intrinsic motion of light – whatever its actual numerical value – must be the “velocity of non-locality”, gauging the symmetric energy state and entropy drive of free electromagnetic energy, the gauge of the metric equivalence between space and time, effectively an infinite velocity within its own spatial reference frame and conservation domain. Otherwise light would have a gravitational “location” charge, a time dimension, and a gravitational field, and spacetime would immediately collapse into a black hole. If light produced a gravitational field, the Universe would have been “still born” as a black hole; instead of a “Big Bang”, there would have been a “Big Crunch”. The only reason the Universe unfolds from its initial singularity is that almost all of its energy is in the form of light (because of matter-antimatter annihilations) which produces no gravity, but instead blasts apart the small residue of matter forming our material Cosmos. One of gravity’s major conservation roles is to produce the time dimension of bound energy. (See: “The Conversion of Space to Time”.) Since light has no time dimension and no bound energy, light has no need of a gravitational field. (See: “The Double Conservation Role of Gravity.”)
The fact that the scientific “establishment” believes that freely moving light in vacuum (spacetime) produces a gravitational field, continues to be a major conceptual roadblock in their ongoing effort to unify gravitation with the other forces. This is also a crucial point of difference between my theory of gravity’s origin and “establishment” physics. Of course, when captured by the electron shell of an atom (for example), light loses its intrinsic motion and symmetric non-local energy state, and in this bound condition its energy contributes to the atom’s overall gravitational field. But it is no longer light or free energy, it is bound energy with a specifiable location – the atom’s center of mass. (See: “Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory“.)
E = mcc (Einstein); E = hv (Planck); hv = mcc (DeBroglie)
The problem seems to begin with Einstein’s E = mcc; from this justly famous equation it seems everyone assumed, including Einstein, that light has mass and so produces a gravitational field. But light obviously does not have mass, it has momentum and energy (E = hv), which is equivalent to mass (hv = mcc), but is not mass itself. (“Mass” is the source of inertial resistance or gravitational “weight” (or gravitational field energy) of any energy form.) Light is manifestly different from bowling balls: light has intrinsic motion c, light is two-dimensional, light has a zero Interval; bowling balls have a time dimension and are four-dimensional with a positive Interval. And the fact that light is “bent” by a gravitational field does not mean it produces a gravitational field. Light follows the geodesic paths of spacetime, and is a co-mover with spacetime, like every other form of energy which spacetime carries. But light itself does not “warp” spacetime nor produce a gravitational field; light is the primordial symmetric state of electromagnetic energy, a symmetric energy vibration of the metric structure of spacetime. Gravitational fields and the time dimension they produce are only associated with secondary, massive, asymmetric forms of energy derived from light (matter).
“Velocity c” is the “gauge” (regulator) of metric symmetry, of Einstein’s “Interval”, of causality, of light’s non-local symmetric energy state, and of light’s entropy drive, in addition to gauging the energetic equivalence between mass and free energy. “Velocity c” is an effectively infinite velocity because of these metric/entropic gauge functions, which protect energy conservation and causality. If you still think light and bowling balls are the same because E = mcc, then try bouncing bowling balls back and forth between two mirrors at “velocity c”, as light will do so easily. To miss this point is to miss the opportunity to unify gravity with the other forces through the symmetry principles of Noether’s Theorem. “Velocity c” is the gauge of a non-local symmetry condition characterizing the equitable distribution of light’s energy throughout spacetime: the charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light - including the “location” charge of gravity, whose active principle is time. (See: “Entropy, Gravitation, and Thermodynamics“.)
Einstein distinguished between the gravitational energy of free space, which he seems to treat as a metric stress tensor producing a gravitational field whether located inside or outside a planet (“gravity gravitates”), and a free electromagnetic field, which he apparently classifies as another form of matter or bound energy. This I believe is a mistake: free electromagnetic energy must be gravitationally distinguished from bound electromagnetic energy. Unlike gravitation, the free electromagnetic field does not cause a metric stress in spacetime (does not “warp” or “curve” spacetime), and so should not be treated under the same rules and assumptions as the spatial energy (“self energy”) of the free gravitational field: even if “gravity gravitates”, light does not. (See Einstein’s discussion on page 143, section 14, in the Dover paperback “The Principle of Relativity”, 1952.)
In the “Tetrahedron Model” (as advocated on this website), a gravitational field is the spatial consequence of the intrinsic motion of time. Furthermore, time is the active principle of gravity’s “location” charge. A “graviton” is a quantum unit of time or temporal entropy. But none of these considerations apply to light, which, according to Einstein, has no time dimension. So, while it may be that “gravity gravitates” in either theory, in the “Tetrahedron Model”, light, the archetypical example of a perfectly symmetric energy form, does not and cannot produce a gravitational field.
That free electromagnetic energy (light) moving in vacuum at velocity c does not produce a gravitational field is absolutely crucial to understanding the theory presented on this website (the “Tetrahedron Model”) concerning the role of gravity and its unification with the other forces. While I defer to Einstein’s authority in almost every other matter, here I (reluctantly) part from the scientific hero of my youth – or at least with the “establishment’s” interpretation of his thinking on this point. (See: “The ‘Tetrahedron Model’ vs the ‘Standard Model’: A Comparison“.)
Clearly, testing this difference between the theories will be difficult because of the extreme weakness of gravity and the fact that the test must be conducted on light in free flight. However, observational evidence in favor of this idea already exists in the recently discovered “acceleration” of the Cosmos. See the paragraphs below, copied (with minor changes) from “A Spacetime Map of the Universe“:
Because the Universe is constantly converting its original mass into light (via nuclear fusion/fission and gravity, especially quasars), but no known process adds to the original mass, we expect the total gravitational field of the Universe to decrease with time (since light (free energy) produces no gravitational field). Hence a small “acceleration” of the Cosmic expansion (actually a small reduction in the rate of gravitational deceleration) is to be expected from this mass/gravity loss. However, if the early Universe converted mass to light at a much higher rate than today (vigorous star formation, galaxy mergers, quasar and black hole formation), a significant reduction to the total gravitational field during that era could result. Black holes, for example, can convert a significant percentage of a particle’s rest mass into free energy as it falls toward and through the “event horizon”.It has been objected that the conversion of bound to free energy in stars is not sufficient to account for the recently observed “acceleration” of the Cosmos. However, if the conversion of bound to free energy also occurs in the “dark matter” presumed to be five times more abundant than the visible matter of the stars, then such mass conversions, driven by the conservation of the symmetry of free energy, whether that energy is “dark” or “light” (as demanded by “Noether’s theorem”), might well be sufficient to account for the observed reduction in the gravitational deceleration. Finally, the existence and decay (including “oscillation”) of a fourth, heavy “leptoquark” neutrino might even account for the reduced deceleration within the boundaries of “ordinary” baryonic matter.
Gravitation
johnagowan 