Abstract
We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 families or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. The Universe apparently devolves (rapidly) in an asymmetric “Higgs Cascade” to the electromagnetic ground state, and evolves (slowly) upward again in a “rebound” driven by symmetry conservation (Noether’s Theorem) toward its original state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light).
Unification Era
Symmetry
Group
IVBs
(Decay Path)
Field Vector
Temp/Time/GEV
Charge
Era Role
Leptoquark Era;
T.O.E.
“Theory of
Everything”
(Gravity and
Spacetime
Unified with
Light, Particles)
Creation of
Leptoquarks
Higgs 3;
All Forces
Unified;
G2 (?)
(Strings?)
(Dimensions?)
(Massive
Particles)
Gamow’s “Ylem”
“Quark Soup”
“Y” IVBs;
Create
Charged
Leptoquarks;
Transform
Charged to
Neutral
Leptoquarks
Graviton
(Gravitational
Force);
10(32) k;
10(-43) sec.
(Big Crunch)
10(19) GEV
“Location”
(gravitational
charge);
Negative
Energy;
Total
Energy = 0;
“Local” Mass
Asymmetry
Gravity
Provides
Negative
Energy;
“Ylem”;
Primordial
Leptoquarks;
Particle Mass;
?Inflation?
Hyperon Era;
G.U.T.
“Grand Unified
Theory”
(Quarks Unified
with Leptons)
Asymmetric
Leptoquark Decay;
Creation of Matter,
Hyperons
Higgs 2;
Strong,
E/W
Forces Unified;
SU(5)
(Neutral
Leptoquarks)
“X” IVBs; Transform
Neutral
Leptoquarks;
Create/Destroy
Matter Hyperons
and Baryons;
Symmetry-
Breaking;
“Proton Decay”
Gluon
(Strong Force);
10(28) k;
10(-35) sec.
(Black Hole)
10(16) GEV
Color
Charge;
Total
Color = 0;
Partial Charge
Asymmetry
of Quarks
“Asymptotic
Freedom”
Asymmetric
Decay of
Leptoquarks
Creates Matter,
Hyperon
“Singlets”,
Leptoquark
Neutrinos;
?Dark Matter?
Nuclear Era;
E/W
Electroweak Union
(Quarks Unified,
Leptons Unified);
Creation of
Lepton/Meson
Alternative
Charge
Carriers
Higgs 1;
E/W, E/M
Forces Unified;
SU(2), SU(3)
(Leptons, Quarks)
“W” IVBs;
Transform
Hyperons and
Heavy Leptons,
Create and Destroy
Alternative
Charge Carriers
(lepton, meson,
neutrino)
IVB
(Weak Force);
10(15) k;
10(-10) sec.
(Stars,
Supernova,
Neutron Star)
10(2) GEV
“Identity”
(“Number” Charge);
Total
“Number” = 0;
“Identity”
Asymmetry
of Leptons
and Baryons
Creates and
Transforms
Leptons,
Neutrinos,
Mesons,
Leptonic
“Singlets”;
Transforms
Baryons
Chemical Era;
E/M
Electromagnetic
Unification;
Electric/Magnetic
Fields Unified;
Creation of Atoms,
Spacetime,
Information,
Life
“Ground
State”;
Spacetime
Metric
(Scaled by
c, G);
U(1) (Phase)
(Light)
Photons;
Transform E/M
Fields,
Space and Time;
Create and
Destroy
Chemical
Combinations,
Molecules,
Information
Photon
(Electromagnetic
Force);
Temp. 2.7 K;
Historic
Spacetime;
13.7 Billion Yr.
(Planets)
10(-3) EV
Electric;
Total Electric
Charge = 0;
4th Dimension
Asymmetry
Creates
Spacetime;
History;
Atoms;
Life.
“c”
Regulates
Metric.
Virtual
Particle
“Sea”
Higgs Table No. I: Unified Force Eras or Symmetric Energy Levels of the “Big Bang”
J. A. Gowan and A. T. Jaccaci, Dec., 2011 http://www.johnagowan.org/index.html
“Multiverse”: Non-dimensional “vacuum” source of undefined symmetric energy and creative potential – produces our 4-D universe as a quantum fluctuation of no net energy or charge, conserving energy, with “life-friendly” physical constants (“Anthropic Principle”). Balanced pos-neg (gravitational) energy and matter-antimatter charge symmetry. (Cosmos, Multiverse united). “Big Bang”: Cosmos devolves from “Multiverse”.
Information and Biological Eras evolve as ground state “rebounds” from entropy-driven cascade. Rebound is driven by symmetry conservation, negentropic gravity, and evolutionary forces, creating planets, stars, black holes, galaxies, “Big Crunch”, heavy elements, chemistry, information, life, humanity.
John A. Gowan
Revised Dec., 2011
Abstract
We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 “families” or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. With its origin in the “Multiverse”, our Universe apparently devolves (rapidly) downward in an asymmetric “Higgs Cascade” to the electromagnetic ground state, and evolves (slowly) upward again in a “rebound” driven by negentropic gravity and symmetry conservation (Noether’s Theorem) toward the Multiverse or a state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light).
Unification Eras (or Symmetric Energy States) of the “Big Bang”:
Force Unity Eras: Multiverse Era
Multiverse Era: A-dimensional, “vacuum” potential of undefined creative energy, producing infinitely (?) many energy-conserving Universes (with various and unique physical constants) via quantum fluctuations of no net energy or charge, one of which (constrained by the limitations imposed by the “Anthropic Principle”) becomes our own. “Inflation” from a “false vacuum” state may be involved (?). Scalar Higgs particles, “Standard Model” symmetry groups, transformative IVB families, and field vectors of the four forces are listed for an entropy driven decay “cascade” through 4 successive levels of force unification. Major roles and productions of the eras are suggested. Unification eras correspond to a specific temperature (absolute degrees Kelvin) and time period (after “time zero”) of the “Big Bang” decay sequence (For table data see: Brian Greene: “The Fabric of the Cosmos”, P. 270, Knopf, 2004, and Frank Close: The New Cosmic Onion Taylor and Francis, 2007, page 196. For symmetry discussion, see : Ian Stewart, “Why Beauty is Truth”, P. 239-73, Basic Books, 2007).
Force Unity Eras: Leptoquark Era
3) Leptoquark Era (Planck era, quantum gravity era, primordial “Ylem” era). Y+, Y-, Y neutral IVBs, Higgs 3, – TOE unity (Theory of Everything): unified positive electromagnetic and negative gravitational energy (“Yin-Yang”). All forces unified. 10(32)k; 10(-43) sec. Unified gravity, light, spacetime, and bound energy forms (primordial, electrically charged leptoquarks). “Quantum gravity”. Negative gravitational energy exactly balances positive electromagnetic energy. Matter-antimatter symmetry. “Y” IVBs transform primordial, massive, elementary, electrically charged leptoquarks (a trisected heavy lepton produced by the combined energy of all the physical forces) to electrically neutral leptoquarks, creating the possibility of symmetry-breaking. Neutral leptoquarks decay further in level 2 (Hyperon Era). Separation of the spacetime metric (including gravity) from primordial leptoquarks, and the entropic expansion and cooling of the Cosmos. This separation may correspond to the “inflationary” era of Guth and Linde (?). Matter-antimatter annihilations. (Creation of primordial leptoquarks and particle mass; “Big Bang” Creation Event; separation of universe from Multiverse; “Big Crunch”.)
2) Hyperon Era. X+, X-, X neutral IVBs, Higgs 2, – GUT unity (Grand Unified Theory): unified quarks and leptons with separate spacetime and gravity. Strong and electroweak forces remain unified. 10(28)k; 10(-35) sec. Entropy driven expansion and cooling of spacetime. Quark partial charges allow the existence of electrically neutral leptoquarks. “X” IVBs compress leptoquarks, causing color charge to self-annihilate in the limit of “asymptotic freedom”. With color charge absent, a weak force decay proceeds (via the “X”) with the emission of leptoquark neutrinos. Asymmetric weak force decay of electrically neutral leptoquarks vs antileptoquarks produces level H1 Nuclear Era and matter asymmetry of Cosmos. (Asymmetric creation of matter and single hyperons; leptoquark antineutrinos are “dark matter” candidates. Proton decay; black holes.)
1) Nuclear Era. W+, W-, W neutral IVBs, Higgs 1, – E/W unity (Electroweak Unification): hyperons, (heavy baryons), heavy leptons, protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, and virtual particle “zoo”. Weak and electromagnetic forces unified. 10(15k); 10(-12) sec. Matter dominated asymmetry. Leptons and quarks separate into unified lepton families and unified quark families. “W” IVBs transform quarks into other quarks and leptons into other leptons (but not leptons into quarks). Hyperons and heavy leptons decay (via “W” IVB family) to “ground state” proton, electron, and photon with emission of leptonic antineutrinos. Leptons, mesons, and neutrinos serve as alternative charge carriers for the decays of hyperons and heavy leptons, avoiding antimatter annihilation reactions.(Creation of leptons, neutrinos, mesons – alternative charge carriers; creation of leptonic “singlets”. Creation of elements: Stars)
Chemical Era. “Ground State” cold atomic era. Large spatial and temporal dimensions. Historic spacetime, bosons, leptons, hadrons – E/M unity (Electromagnetic Unification). History: currently 13.7 billion years after the “Big Bang”; temperature 2.7 K. Separate leptons, neutrinos, mesons, and baryons. Spacetime, light, and gravity remain unified, electric and magnetic fields remain unified. Virtual vacuum particle “sea”. Photon separates from “W” IVBs, creates and energizes space; gravity creates time from space, time creates history. Spacetime metric and photon are the ground state (dimensional) analogs of the Higgs and IVB “particle metric”. Era of atomic matter, chemistry, information, life, light, gravity, and historic spacetime. (Creation of space, historic spacetime, and atomic matter. Evolution of chemical information systems and biological life forms. Planets.)
The “Ground State Vacuum” also hosts virtual particle-antiparticle pairs, which are essential for maintaining an active connection between the electromagnetic ground state and higher energy electroweak transformations, (for example, the transmutation of atomic nuclei in “radioactive” decays and element-building in stars). Both processes (fission and fusion) directly and continuously interact with the electromagnetic ground state, whereas interactions at the GUT and TOE energy levels are typically of one-time historic significance (creation of Universe, creation of matter). The “nucleon” is a remnant of the electroweak unification era that persists into the ground state of atomic matter due to strong force binding via the exchange of a virtual meson field. Neutrino “flavor” oscillations may be another example of a remnant union from a more symmetric era.
Symmetry Restoration or “Rebound” Era
Ground State “Rebound” Information, life, and consciousness era, including symbolic information, technology, and humanity. Driven by symmetry conservation, negentropic gravity, and biological evolutionary forces. Rebound begins with planets (ground state); continues through sun-like stars, supernovas, and neutron stars (level H1); galaxies (including quasars and black holes) (level H2); and cosmic collapse or “Big Crunch” (level H3). Creation of planets, stars, black holes, the “Big Crunch”, heavy elements, molecules, chemistry, life, conscious experience, symbolic information, technology, humanity, novel forms of creativity and beauty. (See: “Nature’s Fractal Pathway”.)
We have previously (and correctly) understood the gravitational rationale from the point of view of: 1) energy, entropy, and causality conservation (the gravitational creation of time from space, providing the temporal entropy drive and causal linkages of bound energy); 2) the point of view of symmetry conservation (the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy, as in stars); 3) the source of negative energy (balancing positive electromagnetic energy) in the “Big Bang”. (See: “Entropy, Gravitation, and Thermodynamics“). The gravitational recapitulation of force unification and symmetry states (culminating in the “Big Crunch”) allows us to understand the gravitational rationale from a new, fourth perspective embracing only the reunification of the four forces.
References
Gross, Politzer, Wilczek: Science: 15 October 2004 vol. 306 page 400: “Laurels to Three Who Tamed Equations of Quark Theory.”
Unified Field Theory
Weak Force, Intermediate Vector Bosons (“IVBs”)
The “W” IVB and the Weak Force Mechanism (html file)
Group
(Decay Path)
Temp/Time/GEV
T.O.E.
“Theory of
Everything”
(Gravity and
Spacetime
Unified with
Light, Particles)
Creation of
Leptoquarks
All Forces
Unified;
G2 (?)
(Strings?)
(Dimensions?)
(Massive
Particles)
Gamow’s “Ylem”
“Quark Soup”
Create
Charged
Leptoquarks;
Transform
Charged to
Neutral
Leptoquarks
(Gravitational
Force);
10(32) k;
10(-43) sec.
(Big Crunch)
10(19) GEV
(gravitational
charge);
Negative
Energy;
Total
Energy = 0;
“Local” Mass
Asymmetry
Provides
Negative
Energy;
“Ylem”;
Primordial
Leptoquarks;
Particle Mass;
?Inflation?
G.U.T.
“Grand Unified
Theory”
(Quarks Unified
with Leptons)
Asymmetric
Leptoquark Decay;
Creation of Matter,
Hyperons
Strong,
E/W
Forces Unified;
SU(5)
(Neutral
Leptoquarks)
Neutral
Leptoquarks;
Create/Destroy
Matter Hyperons
and Baryons;
Symmetry-
Breaking;
“Proton Decay”
(Strong Force);
10(28) k;
10(-35) sec.
(Black Hole)
10(16) GEV
Charge;
Total
Color = 0;
Partial Charge
Asymmetry
of Quarks
“Asymptotic
Freedom”
Decay of
Leptoquarks
Creates Matter,
Hyperon
“Singlets”,
Leptoquark
Neutrinos;
?Dark Matter?
E/W
Electroweak Union
(Quarks Unified,
Leptons Unified);
Creation of
Lepton/Meson
Alternative
Charge
Carriers
E/W, E/M
Forces Unified;
SU(2), SU(3)
(Leptons, Quarks)
Transform
Hyperons and
Heavy Leptons,
Create and Destroy
Alternative
Charge Carriers
(lepton, meson,
neutrino)
(Weak Force);
10(15) k;
10(-10) sec.
(Stars,
Supernova,
Neutron Star)
10(2) GEV
(“Number” Charge);
Total
“Number” = 0;
“Identity”
Asymmetry
of Leptons
and Baryons
Transforms
Leptons,
Neutrinos,
Mesons,
Leptonic
“Singlets”;
Transforms
Baryons
E/M
Electromagnetic
Unification;
Electric/Magnetic
Fields Unified;
Creation of Atoms,
Spacetime,
Information,
Life
State”;
Spacetime
Metric
(Scaled by
c, G);
U(1) (Phase)
(Light)
Transform E/M
Fields,
Space and Time;
Create and
Destroy
Chemical
Combinations,
Molecules,
Information
(Electromagnetic
Force);
Temp. 2.7 K;
Historic
Spacetime;
13.7 Billion Yr.
(Planets)
10(-3) EV
Total Electric
Charge = 0;
4th Dimension
Asymmetry
Spacetime;
History;
Atoms;
Life.
“c”
Regulates
Metric.
Virtual
Particle
“Sea”
Revised Dec., 2011
Force Unity Eras: Leptoquark Era
3) Leptoquark Era (Planck era, quantum gravity era, primordial “Ylem” era). Y+, Y-, Y neutral IVBs, Higgs 3, – TOE unity (Theory of Everything): unified positive electromagnetic and negative gravitational energy (“Yin-Yang”). All forces unified. 10(32)k; 10(-43) sec. Unified gravity, light, spacetime, and bound energy forms (primordial, electrically charged leptoquarks). “Quantum gravity”. Negative gravitational energy exactly balances positive electromagnetic energy. Matter-antimatter symmetry. “Y” IVBs transform primordial, massive, elementary, electrically charged leptoquarks (a trisected heavy lepton produced by the combined energy of all the physical forces) to electrically neutral leptoquarks, creating the possibility of symmetry-breaking. Neutral leptoquarks decay further in level 2 (Hyperon Era). Separation of the spacetime metric (including gravity) from primordial leptoquarks, and the entropic expansion and cooling of the Cosmos. This separation may correspond to the “inflationary” era of Guth and Linde (?). Matter-antimatter annihilations. (Creation of primordial leptoquarks and particle mass; “Big Bang” Creation Event; separation of universe from Multiverse; “Big Crunch”.)
2) Hyperon Era. X+, X-, X neutral IVBs, Higgs 2, – GUT unity (Grand Unified Theory): unified quarks and leptons with separate spacetime and gravity. Strong and electroweak forces remain unified. 10(28)k; 10(-35) sec. Entropy driven expansion and cooling of spacetime. Quark partial charges allow the existence of electrically neutral leptoquarks. “X” IVBs compress leptoquarks, causing color charge to self-annihilate in the limit of “asymptotic freedom”. With color charge absent, a weak force decay proceeds (via the “X”) with the emission of leptoquark neutrinos. Asymmetric weak force decay of electrically neutral leptoquarks vs antileptoquarks produces level H1 Nuclear Era and matter asymmetry of Cosmos. (Asymmetric creation of matter and single hyperons; leptoquark antineutrinos are “dark matter” candidates. Proton decay; black holes.)
1) Nuclear Era. W+, W-, W neutral IVBs, Higgs 1, – E/W unity (Electroweak Unification): hyperons, (heavy baryons), heavy leptons, protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, and virtual particle “zoo”. Weak and electromagnetic forces unified. 10(15k); 10(-12) sec. Matter dominated asymmetry. Leptons and quarks separate into unified lepton families and unified quark families. “W” IVBs transform quarks into other quarks and leptons into other leptons (but not leptons into quarks). Hyperons and heavy leptons decay (via “W” IVB family) to “ground state” proton, electron, and photon with emission of leptonic antineutrinos. Leptons, mesons, and neutrinos serve as alternative charge carriers for the decays of hyperons and heavy leptons, avoiding antimatter annihilation reactions.(Creation of leptons, neutrinos, mesons – alternative charge carriers; creation of leptonic “singlets”. Creation of elements: Stars)
The “Ground State Vacuum” also hosts virtual particle-antiparticle pairs, which are essential for maintaining an active connection between the electromagnetic ground state and higher energy electroweak transformations, (for example, the transmutation of atomic nuclei in “radioactive” decays and element-building in stars). Both processes (fission and fusion) directly and continuously interact with the electromagnetic ground state, whereas interactions at the GUT and TOE energy levels are typically of one-time historic significance (creation of Universe, creation of matter). The “nucleon” is a remnant of the electroweak unification era that persists into the ground state of atomic matter due to strong force binding via the exchange of a virtual meson field. Neutrino “flavor” oscillations may be another example of a remnant union from a more symmetric era.
Symmetry Restoration or “Rebound” Era
Ground State “Rebound” Information, life, and consciousness era, including symbolic information, technology, and humanity. Driven by symmetry conservation, negentropic gravity, and biological evolutionary forces. Rebound begins with planets (ground state); continues through sun-like stars, supernovas, and neutron stars (level H1); galaxies (including quasars and black holes) (level H2); and cosmic collapse or “Big Crunch” (level H3). Creation of planets, stars, black holes, the “Big Crunch”, heavy elements, molecules, chemistry, life, conscious experience, symbolic information, technology, humanity, novel forms of creativity and beauty. (See: “Nature’s Fractal Pathway”.)
We have previously (and correctly) understood the gravitational rationale from the point of view of: 1) energy, entropy, and causality conservation (the gravitational creation of time from space, providing the temporal entropy drive and causal linkages of bound energy); 2) the point of view of symmetry conservation (the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy, as in stars); 3) the source of negative energy (balancing positive electromagnetic energy) in the “Big Bang”. (See: “Entropy, Gravitation, and Thermodynamics“). The gravitational recapitulation of force unification and symmetry states (culminating in the “Big Crunch”) allows us to understand the gravitational rationale from a new, fourth perspective embracing only the reunification of the four forces.