Higgs Table: Unified Force Eras of the “Big Bang”

Abstract

We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 families or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. The Universe apparently devolves (rapidly) in an asymmetric “Higgs Cascade” to the electromagnetic ground state, and evolves (slowly) upward again in a “rebound” driven by symmetry conservation (Noether’s Theorem) toward its original state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light).

Unification Era	Symmetry  Group	IVBs  (Decay Path)	Type Field Vector Temp/Time/GEV	Charge	Era Role
Planck Era; T.O.E.  “Theory of Everything” (Gravity and Spacetime Unified with Light, Particles) Creation of Leptoquarks	Higgs 3; All Forces Unified; G2 (?)  (Strings?) (Dimensions?) (Massive  Particles) Gamow’s “Ylem”	“Y” IVBs; Transform  Primordial “Ylem” to Leptoquarks; Create and  Destroy  Leptoquarks	Graviton (Gravitational  Force); 10(32) k; 10(-43) sec. (Big Crunch)  10(19) GEV	“Location” (gravitational charge); Negative  Energy; Total  Energy = 0; “Local” Mass Asymmetry	Gravity Provides Negative Energy; “Ylem”; Primordial  Leptoquarks; Particle Mass; ?Inflation?
Leptoquark Era; G.U.T. “Grand Unified Theory” (Quarks Unified  with Leptons) Asymmetric Leptoquark Decay; Creation of Matter, Hyperons	Higgs 2; Strong, E/W Forces Unified; SU(5)  (Leptoquarks)	“X” IVBs; Transform Leptoquarks, Create and  Destroy Matter and  Baryons; Symmetry- Breaking; “Proton Decay”	Gluon (Strong Force); 10(28) k; 10(-35) sec. (Black Hole) 10(16) GEV	Color Charge; Total Color = 0; Partial Charge Asymmetry of Quarks	Asymmetric  Decay of Leptoquarks Creates Matter, Hyperon “Singlets”, Leptoquark Neutrinos; ?Dark Matter?
Hyperon Era; E/W Electroweak Union  (Quarks Unified,  Leptons Unified); Creation of Leptons, Alternative Charge Carriers	Higgs 1; E/W, E/M Forces Unified; SU(2), SU(3) (Leptons, Quarks)	“W” IVBs;  Transform Hyperons and Heavy Leptons, Create and Destroy Alternative  Charge Carriers  (lepton, meson, neutrino)	IVB (Weak Force); 10(15) k; 10(-10) sec. (Supernova, Neutron Star) 10(2) GEV	“Identity” (“Number” Charge); Total “Number” = 0; “Identity”  Asymmetry of Leptons	Creates and Transforms Leptons, Neutrinos, Mesons, Leptonic “Singlets”; Transforms Baryons
Atomic Era; E/M Electromagnetic Unification; Electric/Magnetic Fields Unified; Creation of Atoms, Space and History	“Ground State”; Spacetime  Metric (Scaled by c, G); U(1) (Phase)  (Light)	Photons; Transform E/M Fields, Space and Time; Create and Destroy Atomic Structure, Molecules	Photon (Electromagnetic Force); Temp. 2.7 K; Historic  Spacetime;  13.7 Billion Yr. (Sun – Star)  10(-3) EV	Electric; Total Electric  Charge = 0; 4th Dimension Asymmetry	Creates Space and Spacetime; Atoms;  Metric  Regulates “c”, Vacuum Virtual Particle “sea”
J. A. Gowan and A. T. Jaccaci, Nov., 2010 http://www.johnagowan.org/index.html
“Multiverse”: Non-dimensional “vacuum” source of undefined symmetric energy and creative potential – produces our 4-D universe as a quantum fluctuation ofno net energy or charge, conserving energy, with “life-friendly” physical constants (“Anthropic Principle”). Balanced pos-neg (gravitational) energy and matter-antimatter charge symmetry. (Cosmos, Multiverse united). “Big Bang”: Cosmos devolves from “Multiverse”.
Information and Biological Eras evolve as ground state “rebounds” from entropy-driven cascade. Rebound is driven by symmetry conservation, negentropic gravity, and evolutionary forces, creating planets, stars, black holes, galaxies, “Big Crunch”, heavy elements, chemistry, life, thought, experience, symbolic information.

Higgs Table No. I: Unified Force Eras or Symmetric Energy Levels of the “Big Bang” 
John A. Gowan 
Revised Nov., 2010

Abstract

We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 “families” or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. With its origin in the “Multiverse”, our Universe apparently devolves (rapidly) downward in an asymmetric “Higgs Cascade” to the electromagnetic ground state, and evolves (slowly) upward again in a “rebound” driven by symmetry conservation (Noether’s Theorem) toward the Multiverse or a state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light).

Unification Eras (or Symmetric Energy States) of the “Big Bang”:

Force Unity Eras: Multiverse Era

Multiverse Era: A-dimensional, “vacuum” potential of undefined creative energy, producing infinitely (?) many energy-conserving Universes (with various and unique physical constants) via quantum fluctuations of no net energy or charge, one of which (constrained by the “Anthropic Principle”) becomes our own. “Inflation” from a “false vacuum” state may be involved. Scalar Higgs particles, “Standard Model” symmetry groups, transformative IVB families, and field vectors of the four forces are listed for an entropy driven decay “cascade” through 4 successive levels of force unification. Major roles and productions of the eras are suggested. Unification eras correspond to a specific temperature (absolute degrees Kelvin) and time period (after time zero) of the “Big Bang” decay sequence (For table data see: Brian Greene: “The Fabric of the Cosmos”, P. 270, Knopf, 2004, and Frank Close: The New Cosmic Onion Taylor and Francis, 2007, page 196. For symmetry discussion, see : Ian Stewart, “Why Beauty is Truth”, P. 239-73, Basic Books, 2007). (Creation of Universe, “Big Bang”.)

Force Unity Eras: Planck Era

3) Planck Era (quantum gravity era, primordial “Ylem” era). Y+, Y-, Y neutral IVBs, Higgs 3, – TOE unity (Theory of Everything): unified positive and negative energy (“Yin-Yang”). All forces unified. 10(32)k; 10(-43) sec. Unified gravity, light, spacetime, and bound energy forms (primordial, electrically neutral leptoquarks). “Quantum gravity”. Negative gravitational energy exactly balances positive energy of particles. Matter-antimatter symmetry. “Y” IVBs transform primordial elementary leptons (“Ylem”) (produced by the energy of light, the structure of metric spacetime, and gravity) to primordial electrically neutral leptoquarks (essentially a trisected heavy lepton), creating particle mass. Decays to level 2 leptoquark era with separation of spacetime metric (including gravity) from primordial leptoquarks (due to activity of “Y” IVBs splitting leptons, and the entropic expansion and cooling of the Cosmos). This separation may correspond to the “inflationary” era of Guth and Linde (?). Matter-antimatter annihilations. (Creation of primordial leptons, leptoquarks, and particle mass.)

Force Unity Eras: Leptoquark Era

2) Leptoquark Era. X+, X-, X neutral IVBs, Higgs 2, – GUT unity (Grand Unified Theory): unified quarks and leptons with separate spacetime and gravity. Strong and electroweak forces unified. 10(28)k; 10(-35) sec. Entropy driven expansion and cooling of spacetime. Quark partial charges allow electrically neutral leptoquarks. “X” IVBs compress and contain leptoquarks, allowing weak force decays with emission of leptoquark neutrinos. Asymmetric weak force decay of electrically neutral leptoquarks vs antileptoquarks produces level H1 Hyperon Era and matter asymmetry of Cosmos. (Asymmetric creation of matter and single hyperons; leptoquark antineutrinos are “dark matter” candidates.)

Force Unity Eras: Electroweak Era

1) Hyperon Era. W+, W-, W neutral IVBs, Higgs 1, – E/W unity (Electroweak Unification): hyperons, heavy leptons, and virtual particle “zoo” era. Weak and electromagnetic forces unified. 10(15k); 10(-12) sec. Matter dominated asymmetry. Leptons and quarks separate into unified lepton families and unified quark families. “W” IVBs transform quarks into other quarks and leptons into other leptons (but not leptons into quarks). Hyperons and heavy leptons decay (via “W” IVB family) to “ground state” proton, electron, and photon with emission of leptonic antineutrinos. Leptons, mesons, and neutrinos serve as alternative charge carriers for the decays of hyperons and heavy leptons, avoiding antimatter annihilation reactions. (Creation of leptons, neutrinos, mesons – alternative charge carriers; creation of leptonic “singlets”.)

Ground State Era: Electromagnetic Era

“Ground State” Atomic Era. Historic spacetime, bosons, leptons, hadrons – E/M unity (Electromagnetic Unification). History: currently 13.7 billion years after the “Big Bang”; temperature 2.7 K. Separate leptons, neutrinos, mesons, and baryons. Spacetime, light, and gravity remain unified, electric and magnetic fields remain unified. Virtual vacuum particle “sea”. Photon separates from “W” IVBs, creates and energizes space; gravity creates time from space, time creates history. Spacetime metric and photon are the ground state analogs of the Higgs and IVBs. Era of atomic matter, light, gravity, and historic spacetime. (Creation of space, historic spacetime, and atomic matter; evolution of life.)

The “Ground State Vacuum” also hosts virtual particle-antiparticle pairs, which are essential for maintaining an active connection between the electromagnetic ground state and higher energy electroweak transformations, for example, the transmutation of atomic nuclei in “radioactive” decays and element-building in stars. Both processes directly and continuously interact with the electromagnetic ground state, whereas interactions at the GUT and TOE energy levels are typically of one-time historic significance (creation of Universe, creation of matter). The “nucleon” is a remnant of the electroweak unification era that persists into the ground state of atomic matter due to strong force binding via the exchange of a virtual meson field.

Symmetry Restoration or “Rebound” Era

Ground State “Rebound” Information, life, and consciousness Era. Driven by symmetry conservation, gravity, and biological evolutionary forces. Rebound begins with planets and Sun-like stars (ground state); continues through supernovas and neutron stars (level H1); galaxies (including quasars and black holes) (level H2); and cosmic collapse or “Big Crunch” (level H3). Creation of planets, stars, black holes, galaxies, the “Big Crunch”, heavy elements, molecules, chemistry, life, experience, symbolic information. (See: “Nature’s Fractal Pathway”.)

We have previously (and correctly) understood the gravitational rationale from the point of view of: 1) energy, entropy, and causality conservation (the gravitational creation of time from space, providing the temporal entropy drive and causal linkages of bound energy); 2) the point of view of symmetry conservation (the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy, as in stars); 3) the source of negative energy (balancing positive energy) in the “Big Bang”. (See: “Entropy, Gravitation, and Thermodynamics“). The gravitational recapitulation of force unification and symmetry states (culminating in the “Big Crunch”) allows us to understand the gravitational rationale from a new, fourth perspective embracing only the reunification of the four forces.

Links:

Unified Field Theory

Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory (a “Theory of Everything”) – Part I
Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory (a “Theory of Everything”) – Part 2
Principles of the Unified Field Theory: A Tetrahedral Model 
(Postscript and Commentary on paper above)
Synopsis of the Unification Theory: The System of Spacetime
Synopsis of the Unification Theory: The System of Matter
Light and Matter: A Synopsis
Global-Local Gauge Symmetries and the “Tetrahedron Model”
Global-Local Gauge Symmetries: Material Effects of Local Gauge Symmetries
The “Tetrahedron Model” vs the “Standard Model” of Physics: A Comparison

Weak Force, Intermediate Vector Bosons (“IVBs”)

Section IV: Introduction to the Weak Force
Section XVI: Introduction to the Higgs Boson
The “W” Intermediate Vector Boson and the Weak Force Mechanism (pdf file)
The “W” IVB and the Weak Force Mechanism (html file)
Global-Local Gauge Symmetries of the Weak Force
The Weak Force: Identity or Number Charge
The Weak Force “W” Particle as the Bridge Between Symmetric (2-D) and Asymmetric (4-D) Reality
The Strong and Weak Short-Range Particle Forces
The “Higgs” Boson and the Spacetime Metric
The “Higgs” Boson and the Weak Force IVBs: Part I
The “Higgs” Boson and the Weak Force IVBs: Parts II, III, IV
“Dark Matter” and the Weak Force The Halflife of Proton Decay and the ‘Heat Death’ of the Cosmos

The Fractal Organization of Nature

Section III: Introduction to Fractals
Section VIII: Introduction to General Systems, Complex Systems
The Fractal Organization of Nature (table)
Part 1: Microphysical Realm
Part 2: Biophysical Realm 
Part 3: Astrophysical Realm
Part 4: Metaphysical Realm – Intuitive Mode
Part 5: Metaphysical Realm – Rational Mode 
Part6: The Fractal Organization of Nature (summary) (text)

Information

Section VI: Introduction to Information
The Information Pathway (text)
The Formation of Matter and the Origin of Information
Nature’s Fractal Pathway

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